Daily Aspirin Regimen: The Pros and Cons
At over 100 years old, aspirin continues to peak interest in the medical research community because there’s still more to learn about the full extent of its power. In addition to its ability to relieve pain and support heart health, recent studies have shown that a daily aspirin regimen may be powerful enough to slow the spread of colon and pancreatic cancer cells. But what should you take if you’re interested in a daily aspirin regimen? The general answer is low-dose aspirin (formally know as “baby aspirin”), but there’s more to consider.
Most of us consider daily aspirin harmless, which is understandable. The drug has been widely used since it was first marketed by Bayer in 1899, although its popularity as a pain reliever waned when Tylenol and Motrin appeared in the late 1950s/early 1960s. Despite its widespread use, however, daily aspirin is not harmless. Consulting your physician before beginning daily aspirin is wise, because even the top medical organizations can’t set forth one clear-cut rule, and it does have side effects.
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Did You Know?
Researchers at the University of Adelaide recently published findings that the Neandertals—our nearest extinct relative—used plant-based medicine to treat pain and illness. This is significant because aspirin was originally made from the bark of a willow tree. Aspirin’s chemical name is acetylsalicylic acid. In 1897, the German pharmaceutical company Friedrich Bayer & Co. found a way to stabilize aspirin, so it tasted better and was easier on stomachs, opening the door for the company to distribute Aspirin powder. Aspirin remained Bayer’s brand name until its rights were lost some time after World War II. The name “aspirin” became generic, and the company’s attempts to gain the name back failed.
Aspirin’s anti-clotting properties were first noticed by a doctor in California in the 1950s. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, aspirin’s cardiac benefits were both confirmed and disputed by researchers. However, in the 1980s, a statistician convinced the FDA of the benefit of daily aspirin for heart attack prevention, and it became widely used.
Side Effects
A low-dose daily aspirin is generally considered to be 81mg (compared to 325mg in one standard adult tablet) and taking one tablet daily is believed to help prevent plaque from building up in your arteries, which can help prevent a heart attack or stroke. Daily aspirin can also help stop blood clots, or embolisms.
The most common side effect of aspirin is gastrointestinal bleeding, which worsens with long-term use. However, low-dose aspirin has a lower risk of side effects, and studies have shown that low-dose daily aspirin is as beneficial as full-strength daily aspirin. Additional common side effects are bleeding in the brain and kidney failure. Aspirin does slow the clotting time of your blood, which is why its effective, but it does not “thin” the blood, as is commonly believed.
Daily aspirin can have negative interactions with over 500 different medications and supplements, according to drugs.com. It’s widely advised not to be combined with other anti-clotting drugs like Plavix (clopidogrel), although physicians do sometimes prescribe low-dose daily aspirin with these drugs. While it can be used in combination with another pain reliever, like Tylenol (acetaminophen), the FDA recommends discussing the combination with your physician.
Recent widespread confusion about taking Motrin (ibuprofen) with aspirin has surfaced. The FDA states that ibuprofen can inhibit the anti-clotting effects of aspirin, but the chances are less with low-dose daily aspirin. “If you need only a single dose of ibuprofen, take it 8 hours before or 30 minutes after taking a regular (not enteric-coated) low-dose aspirin,” advises verywell.com.
People with allergy to aspirin or other salicylates, asthma, uncontrolled high blood pressure, severe liver or kidney disease, bleeding disorders, ulcers, or pregnancy may be advised by their physicians to avoid the use of daily aspirin.
Experts at Odds Over Daily Aspirin
There is a cloud of caution surrounding the use of daily aspirin. The following are recommendations from three top medical organizations:
USPSTF: The U.S. Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) says there is “adequate evidence” that daily aspirin use reduces the incidence of cardiovascular disease in adults after five to 10 years of use. For adults 50 to 69, the USPSTF says daily aspirin is of “moderate benefit.” For those who are under 50 or over 69, the USPSTF found “inadequate evidence” to support daily aspirin.
FDA: The FDA is more cut-and-dried in their findings about daily aspirin. The FDA believes daily aspirin use to prevent an initial heart attack or stroke is lacking. They cite the side effects of aspirin use as reason to use caution.
However, for patients who have already had a heart attack or stroke, the FDA states the “known benefits” of daily aspirin use “outweigh the risk of bleeding.”
AAFP: The American Association of Family Practitioners (AAFP) advises that low-dose daily aspirin is reasonable in adults with diabetes who are an increased risk for cardiovascular disease and have no history of gastrointestinal bleeding or ulcers and not on other medications that increase bleeding risks. (Diabetics have an increased risk of heart attacks.)
On the Horizon for Daily Aspirin
When you read the studies surrounding the use of aspirin, it’s easy to understand why CNBC listed it second to penicillin as one of the “10 wonder drugs that changed our lives forever.”
Researchers continue to test the limits of aspirin’s benefits. While the findings in the studies here require additional research and confirmation, they offer a glimpse into the window of opportunity offered by daily aspirin.
Researchers from Oregon Health and Science University found that aspirin may slow the spread of some types of colon and pancreatic cancer cells. The paper published in the American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology found that in pancreatic cancer cells, low doses of aspirin stopped the platelets from releasing growth factor and hampered the signaling of the oncoproteins that cause cancer to survive and spread.
However, only very high doses—larger than are possible to take orally—were effective in stopping growth in the metastatic colon cells, caution the researchers. The findings detail the interaction among platelets, aspirin, and tumor cells and are promising for the future treatment of non-metastatic cancer, according to the researchers.
Veterans Affairs (VA) scientists and colleagues in Texas have a new theory, tested successfully in mice and cell cultures. It has to do with aspirin’s effects on platelets–the blood cells that form clots to stop bleeding. The findings appear in the February 2017 issue of Cancer Prevention Research.
Along with clotting, platelets help form new blood vessels. That action is beneficial, such as when a new clot forms after a wound, and new vessels are needed to redirect blood flow. However, the same action can help tumors grow. Researchers hoped that aspirin could interrupt that process. Lab tests showed aspirin blocked the interaction between platelets and cancer cells by shutting down the enzyme COX-1, thereby curbing the number of circulating platelets and their level of activity.
Overall, aspirin’s nickname as a “wonder drug” is well earned, but it is still a drug, which means physician advice is a wise start with daily aspirin.
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